Zika Virus Disease: An Emerging Global Threat

Zika virus disease is a mosquito-borne viral disease mainly transmitted through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. The disease was first identified in Uganda in 1947. The outbreak of infection was rare until 2015, when a large scale outbreak swept across many countries and, therefore, became a global public health concern. Most infected individuals remain asymptomatic, while those who develop symptoms mostly experience mild forms of fever, rash, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. In recent times, however, it has been associated with birth defects, especially microcephaly, a condition characterized by an abnormally small head and brain development. Currently, there is no vaccine nor any specific antiviral treatment for Zika virus infection, so supportive care and symptom management are the main approaches for affected individuals. Preventive measures, including those geared toward controlling the mosquito population and protecting oneself from mosquito bites, are crucial to reduce the spread of Zika virus infection. This can be done by using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating stagnant water or breeding places for mosquitoes. Expectant mothers should avoid traveling to areas with Zika virus outbreak. Meanwhile, it is important to consult the latest guidelines and information from reliable health authorities, such as the World Health Organization, for the most current and accurate information on Zika virus infection as well as other emerging or re-emerging viral infections to safeguard life as the field of virology appears to be evolving rapidly.