Thyroid cancer: Current status of preclinical landscape

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common type of cancer that affects the endocrine system. Despite having a relatively low mortality rate compared with other types of cancer, numerous published research has indicated that the prevalence of TC is steadily rising in nearly every country and region of the world. The incidence of new cases experienced exponential growth starting in the year 2000 and continued to increase throughout the subsequent years. Tumors originating from these cells are commonly classified as papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). Each kind of the corresponding category is distinguished by its histological growth patterns, and each type can be further subdivided into subtypes. In general, individuals diagnosed with differentiated thyroid carcinoma have a highly favorable prognosis. Several significant cellular and genetic breakthroughs have yielded a more accurate comprehension of the mechanisms that facilitate and/or potentially hinder effective therapy and control strategies in thyroid cancer. This chapter primarily examines the latest preclinical investigations and achievements in treating thyroid cancer and the potential implications these discoveries have for future innovations to improve the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer. The chapter examines 2D, 3D, combined, and diverse animal and hybrid models used in finding novel diagnostic and therapeutic remedies for thyroid cancer including ATC and PTC.