The effect of renewable energy aid and governance quality on environmental tax effort in Sub-Saharan Africa

The literature on foreign aid and tax efforts largely overlooks the specific role of environmental aid and taxation. To fill this gap, we examine the effects of renewable energy development assistance (EDA) and governance quality on climate change tax effort, air pollution tax effort, and aggregate environmental tax effort in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Utilizing panel data from 15 SSA countries over 20 years (2000–2019), the sample is divided into two groups based on income levels: seven low-income countries (LIC) and eight middle-income countries (MIC). The instrumental variable generalized method of moments (IV-GMM) regression technique is employed to estimate the parameters of the baseline model specifications. The study also uses the Smoothed Instrumental Variable Quantile Regression (SIVQR) technique to test the robustness of the baseline model. Among middle-income SSA countries, the findings suggest that renewable energy aid inflows reduce climate change tax efforts but increase air pollution and aggregate environmental tax efforts. However, among low-income SSA countries, renewable energy aid negatively impacts all three categories of environmental tax efforts. Governance quality tends to enhance all three categories of environmental tax effort in both low-income and middle-income SSA countries. The implications of these results are discussed.