Performance Assessment of Small-Scale Irrigation Schemes: A Case Study of the Volta Lake Basin, Ghana

This study assesses the performance of 15 small-scale irrigation schemes (SSIS) within Ghana's Volta Basin. Schemes are to maximize agricultural output, meet increasing food demand and boost smallholder incomes. However, most schemes remain underused due to uninstalled pumps and outdated infrastructure, which threaten productivity and undermine food security. This study evaluates changes in scheme functionality based on system reliability, water distribution fairness, user satisfaction, effectiveness of water user associations (WUAs) and sustainability challenges after community takeover. A mixed-method approach, combining 267 household surveys, focus group discussions, and performance indicators, found that the water supply was unreliable in 70% of the schemes, 78% had unfair distribution, and it was poorly timed in 66%. 70% of users reported weak organizational structures, while 92% indicated lack of clear bylaws for WUA's ineffectiveness. Conveyance efficiency was 76% in lined canals and 56% in unlined canals; irrigation ratio was 24%, and sustainability irrigated area index was 7%. The study concludes that technical and institutional deficiencies limit SSIS performance. Recommended actions include infrastructure rehabilitation, farmer training and empowering WUAs. Strengthening irrigation charges and encouraging youth participation in SSIS will enhance the functionality of schemes. The findings offer insights for policymakers, managers, farmers and government agencies responsible for irrigation.