Internal and International Migration in Ghana: Opportunities and Challenges

Migration is critical for the spatial distribution and social transformation of the population in Ghana, influencing urbanisation, regional development, and demographic transitions. Notwithstanding, evidence on internal and international migrant characteristics and destinations is lacking at the national and district levels for policy and development planning. This chapter explores patterns of internal and international migration using data from the 2010 and 2021 Population and Housing Censuses. Internal migration remains dominant, peaking among youth aged 15–34 years, with major destinations in Greater Accra and Ashanti regions. Gender disparities persist in the education and employment of migrants. District-level analyses reveal significant intra- and interregional flows, largely driven by economic opportunities and infrastructural or service disparities. Whereas patterns of internal migration have remained nearly the same, international migration patterns are evolving rapidly. International migration is increasingly characterised by South-South flows, with Libya and Nigeria becoming major destinations, while immigration is dominated by ECOWAS nationals, especially from Nigeria. Beyond Africa, America and Europe remain the top destinations for emigrants from Ghana; in contrast, migrants from Asia into Ghana are fast outgrowing those from America and Europe. Top destinations for immigrants are generally concentrated in districts in Greater Accra, in addition to Ketu South and Gomoa East. The results highlight the transformative potential of migration in reducing inequalities and enhancing livelihoods, as well as the potential challenges associated with brain drain and irregular migration. There is a need for improved data systems and inclusive policies to manage internal and international migration effectively.