Human Giardiasis in Ghana – A Scoping Review of Studies From 2004 to 2024

Background and Aim: Human giardiasis poses a significant public health challenge globally, particularly in resource-limited countries due to poor personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, and unsafe water. It affects approximately 300 million people globally every year, and children are the most at-risk population. This scoping review assesses the burden, transmission dynamics, and public health implications of human giardiasis in Ghana. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy across PubMed, African Journals Online, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science databases using key terms “Giardia duodenalis,” “Giardia intestinalis,” and “Giardiasis.” Published articles on Human giardiasis in Ghana between 2004 and 2024 on epidemiology, prevalence, diagnostic methods, and target populations were extracted. Results: Seventeen studies conducted in Ghana met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in Ghana varies significantly across studies and settings, with rates ranging from 0.7% to 59.6%, with children being the most affected. However, studies conducted in Ghana since 2020 indicate a lower prevalence, with rates between 0.7% and 13.0%. Regional studies indicate varied prevalence: 0.7%–13.0%, 2.3%–59.6%, and 5.9% in the Southern, Middle, and Northern belts, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of human giardiasis in Ghana is relatively low. However, targeted public health interventions are necessary to maintain the progress achieved, in addition to improvements in sanitation and hygiene practices.