Genetic, Immunological, and Public Health Perspectives on Podoconiosis

Podoconiosis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that primarily affects poor communities in tropical regions, particularly in sub-Saharan African countries. The disease results from prolonged contact with red clay soils, leading to chronic lymphedema of the lower limbs. However, the pathogenesis is not yet fully clarified, which continues to hinder the development of targeted interventions and definitive diagnostic tools. This review synthesizes recent advancements in understanding the genetic, immunological, and tissue-level factors driving podoconiosis to help bridge this knowledge gap. It also addresses the clinical features, epidemiology, and public health impact of podoconiosis, focusing on the challenges of misdiagnosis and the lack of standardized diagnostic tests. The identification of biomarkers for early detection and the development of targeted interventions are critical steps toward mitigating the economic and social burden of podoconiosis. Comprehensive research into the genetic and immunopathological basis of podoconiosis is essential for advancing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and supporting global eradication efforts.