TY - JOUR
T1 - Gender differences in formal wage employment in urban Tanzania
AU - Opoku, Kwadwo
AU - Mugizi, Francisco M.P.
AU - Boahen, Emmanuel Adu
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Government Technical Advisory Centre (GTAC).
PY - 2024
Y1 - 2024
N2 - We use the Tanzania Integrated Labour Force Survey data and a censored bivariate probit model to analyse gender differences in labour force participation and gender bias in formal wage employment in urban Tanzania. We find that, compared to men, women are less likely to participate in the labour market and less likely to obtain formal wage employment, suggesting the existence of gender bias in the labour market in urban areas of Tanzania. However, after accounting for selection into labour force participation, the existing gender bias is narrowed for women with high school or university education. The regression results suggest that the existing gender differences in formal wage employment probabilities cannot entirely be explained by observable characteristics. The finding of a positive unexplained formal wage employment probability differential suggests that the possibility of gender discrimination against women in urban Tanzania cannot be completely ruled out.
AB - We use the Tanzania Integrated Labour Force Survey data and a censored bivariate probit model to analyse gender differences in labour force participation and gender bias in formal wage employment in urban Tanzania. We find that, compared to men, women are less likely to participate in the labour market and less likely to obtain formal wage employment, suggesting the existence of gender bias in the labour market in urban areas of Tanzania. However, after accounting for selection into labour force participation, the existing gender bias is narrowed for women with high school or university education. The regression results suggest that the existing gender differences in formal wage employment probabilities cannot entirely be explained by observable characteristics. The finding of a positive unexplained formal wage employment probability differential suggests that the possibility of gender discrimination against women in urban Tanzania cannot be completely ruled out.
KW - Labour force participation
KW - Tanzania
KW - censored bivariate probit model
KW - formal wage employment
KW - gender discrimination
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85179675084&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/0376835X.2023.2288819
DO - 10.1080/0376835X.2023.2288819
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85179675084
SN - 0376-835X
VL - 41
SP - 311
EP - 331
JO - Development Southern Africa
JF - Development Southern Africa
IS - 2
ER -