Exploring parent and service provider expectations for children with autism or intellectual disability: A two-country follow-up study

Background: Few studies have examined care providers’ expectations for children with autism spectrum disorders or intellectual disability in low-and-middle-income countries. We used data from a qualitative study to inform a quantitative investigation of parents’ and service providers’ expectations for children with autism or intellectual disability in Ghana and Zambia. Method: 207 participants completed country-specific surveys examining expectations for children with autism or intellectual disability. Participants rated each expectation statement on two criteria: (i) the perceived importance and (ii) the perceived likelihood of attainment. We investigated differences using multivariate analysis of variance strategies. Results: There were significant differences between parents and service providers in Ghana on the perceived importance of independence, and the likelihood of children with autism or intellectual disability attaining independence, quality education, and community acceptance and inclusion. No significant differences emerged in Zambia. Conclusion: The findings and research, policy, and practice implications are discussed.