Differential ex vivo susceptibility of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates from Ghana and Mali to current and lead discovery candidate antimalarial drugs

Non-falciparum species causing malaria in humans are considered neglected in the fight toward malaria elimination. Recent data highlight the increasing contribution of Plasmodium malariae to malaria morbidity and mortality. In this study, the susceptibility of P. malariae and Plasmodium falciparum to current antimalarial drugs was compared to advanced lead candidate drugs using field isolates. The blood samples were collected from the Central region of Ghana and Faladje and Kati in Mali. Following this, an ex vivo drug efficacy assay was conducted by screening mono-infected isolates against a panel of antimalarials. In Ghana, the susceptibility of the two species to most of the current antimalarial drugs was comparable, except for artemether, sulfadoxine, and atovaquone, for which the drugs were less potent against P. malariae than P. falciparum (7.12 vs 2.15 nM, 25.72 vs 7.86 nM, and 10.38 vs 2.51 nM, respectively). In Mali, quinine was significantly more potent against P. malariae than P. falciparum (18.35 and 26.84 nM), and tafenoquine was less potent against P. malariae than P. falciparum (5.50 and 2.85 nM). Among the candidate drugs, except INE963, whose inhibitory potency was comparable between both species, the other compounds significantly inhibited P. malariae more than P. falciparum. The data showed that current drugs investigated against the isolates from Ghana may be suitable for curing P. malariae infections. However, in Mali, chloroquine resistance appeared to have affected the suitability of quinine-based compounds for non-falciparum malaria treatment. Therefore, additional studies are required to establish the efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of P. malariae infections.