Data science without borders: bridging the divide in data science capacity across African health institutions

Background: Effective public health data science in Africa requires a comprehensive understanding of institutional capabilities across multiple dimensions. This study conducted a multidimensional assessment of three African health institutions to examine the availability of health data, healthcare training, data governance needs, and infrastructure capabilities, to inform the use of data science tools to address health challenges. Methods: The study is a baseline assessment for the Data Science Without Borders Project—a three-year multi-country project implemented in three African health institutions: the Institute for Health Research, Epidemiological Surveillance and Training (IRESSEF) in Senegal, Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI) in Ethiopia, and the Douala General Hospital (DGH) in Cameroon. We designed a baseline structured needs assessment survey to assess: (1) health data availability across sixteen (16) dataset categories; (2) training needs across seven (7) domains, data governance considerations; and (3) infrastructure capabilities, including computing resources, connectivity, and service availability. We then conducted an integrated analysis to identify patterns, gaps, and opportunities across various dimensions, informing project implementation. Results: The assessment revealed different institutional profiles with complementary strengths and limitations, which are critical for the effective use of data science tools. IRESSEF demonstrated rich data resources (particularly in genomics, maternal health, and geographical health differences), moderate infrastructure limitations (8GB RAM, 67% service capability), and high training needs (data & analytics: 4.7/5.0, data governance: 4.0/5.0). AHRI exhibited superior computing resources (512GB RAM, 64 CPU cores), specialized surveillance data (9.9%), and moderate training needs (average: 3.0/5.0). DGH demonstrated focused strengths in infectious disease research (3.3%), moderate computing resources (32 GB RAM), and large opportunities to use electronic health records for research. Common priorities across institutions included the need for enhancing data & analytical capabilities (average: 4.3/5.0) and use of advanced [artificial intelligence and machine learning analysis techniques (IRESSEF: 5.0, AHRI: 4.0, DGH: 5.0)], and very importantly, the need to establish data governance structures to increase the ability and capacity of the partners to share data for consortium collaborative analyses across Africa. Conclusion: Our integrated assessment suggests that effective capacity building requires moving beyond standardized approaches to embrace a phased model that leverages institutional needs and complementarities. We recommend: (1) establishing robust data governance frameworks as a foundation; (2) implementing a phased and customized approach where institutions receive training according to their immediate demands and strengths; (3) addressing critical infrastructure gaps to support data. We are involved in science projects in Africa that support federated analyses to maintain data sovereignty. This approach offers potential for a varying African approach to health data science, which could extend to AI adoption and broader continental collaboration.