CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, MEDICATION NON-ADHERENCE, AND THE POTENTIAL OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for approximately 73% of global deaths, with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) as the leading cause. It was responsible for 17.8 million deaths and significant disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide in 2017. In Africa, CVDs represent 38.3% of the NCD burden, and their incidence has surged by 50% over the past three decades, with sub-Saharan Africa experiencing the highest global burden of stroke. Medication adherence is a critical factor in managing CVDs, yet adherence rates remain alarmingly low, particularly among cardiovascular patients, where over 60% do not adhere to prescribed treatments. This review explores the importance of medication adherence in CVD management, the emerging role of personalized medicine, and genetic influences on adherence behaviours. Personalized medicine, which uses genetic, environmental, and lifestyle data for tailored healthcare, offers a transformative approach to CVD treatment, potentially improving outcomes and patient adherence. The review also examines recent advances in genomic research related to CVDs and medication adherence, highlighting the need for updated studies and innovative strategies to integrate genetic insights into clinical practice. Addressing these challenges and leveraging personalized medicine have the potential to enhance CVD management and patient outcomes significantly.