Carbon allotropes: Properties and applications - state of the art

For ages, carbon has been used in technology and in human existence, both as a single entity and in many forms. Since prehistoric times, carbon-based substances such as graphite, charcoal, and carbon black have been employed as writing and drawing materials. Conjugated carbon nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, activated carbon, and graphite, have been used as energy sources over the past two and a half decades due to their unique properties. Because of their amazing chemical, mechanical, electrical, and thermal capabilities, carbon nanostructures have lately found usage in a range of sectors, including drug administration, electronics, composite materials, sensors, field emission devices, and energy storage and conversion. Carbon nanoparticles (when employed as energy materials) are thought to be an adequate and promising way to mitigate the hazard. Subsequently, these materials’ astounding properties, as well as the best possibilities for greener and harmless to the ecosystem combination strategies and modern-scale creation of carbon nanostructured materials are irrefutably significant and can consequently be viewed as a point of convergence of numerous researchers and specialists in the twenty-first century. This book chapter tries to summarize recent advances in their synthesis, properties, and applications as described in the literature.