Analyses of the Barriers and Drivers of Ghana’s COVID-19 Vaccination Program Using the 5A Taxonomy: A Scoping Review

The review explored topical vaccination themes in literature to describe the barriers and drivers of effective COVID-19 vaccination in Ghana. We searched Scopus, Medline, Cinahl, and Google Scholar, covering papers published exclusively in Ghana between December 2019 and January 2023. Using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 27 papers were included in the review. We adopted the 5As taxonomy to organize the papers into five dimensions, namely, Access, Affordability, Awareness, Acceptance, and Activation. Our analysis shows that Acceptance was the most frequently research theme (n = 23, 85.1%), followed by Awareness (n = 19, 70.4%), Activation (n = 14, 52%), Access (n = 7, 25.7%), and Affordability (n = 6, 22.2%). Further, we found awareness campaign messages to be largely concentrated in Accra, Kumasi and other hotspots. Further studies on vaccine financing, access and inclusion of individuals and families in information dissemination campaigns is highly recommended.