A Systematic Review on the Economic Burden of the Most Prevalent Infectious Diseases in West Africa

Background and Aim: Infectious diseases, including malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, and Lassa fever, pose a significant public health and economic challenge in West Africa. The financial burden includes direct medical costs (hospitalization, medication, diagnostics), nonmedical costs (transportation, food, caregiving), and indirect costs (loss of productivity, long-term disability, and mortality). Despite numerous economic studies on these diseases, there is limited research integrating actuarial modeling to quantify financial risks and propose mitigation strategies. Methods: This review includes 50 studies, indicating that malaria alone contributes to 2% GDP loss in Nigeria, while tuberculosis treatment in Ghana costs $500–$1000 per patient. Actuarial methods provide a structured approach to understanding cost variability, disease risk exposure, and sustainable financial interventions. This systematic review examines the economic burden of the most prevalent infectious diseases in West Africa, synthesizes relevant literature, and explores actuarial modeling as a tool for estimating long-term economic implications. Thus, by analyzing cost distributions, insurance models, and risk assessment strategies, the study highlights the significance of financial planning in disease management. Data sources used in this systematic review include academic journals, health organizations, and government reports. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the necessity of integrating financial risk management approaches, including insurance models and targeted public health investments, to mitigate the economic impact of these diseases and economic losses. The study highlights policy recommendations for governments and health institutions in the region.