A simple sensing of hazardous photo-induced superoxide anion radicals using a molecular probe in ZnO-Nanoparticles aqueous medium

The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the photolysis of sunscreens and sun blockers poses consumer safety concerns while necessitating proper identification and quantitation of ROS species. Here, a colorimetric sensing approach has been developed based on a molecular probe (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2-H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) tetrazolium salt) to quantitatively measure the photo-induced superoxide anion radicals ([rad]O₂.) generated from the photocatalysis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in aqueous solutions. Note that superoxide anion radicals are assumed to be the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from such photocatalysis. The characterisation of ZnO-NPs before and after irradiation showed average particle sizes of 616.5 and 295.3 nm and ζ-potential values of 0 and -24.4 mV, respectively. It is hoped that this proposed protocol can be further developed to efficiently detect other ROS present in inorganic sun blockers and to optimize the utility of various sunscreen formulations.