A comprehensive review of ecologically friendly strategies for managing plant-parasitic nematodes: Key issues and future prospects

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), with over 4000 species, severely impact global crop production, threatening food security. Chemical nematicides are the primary control strategy but pose risks to human health, the environment, and their efficacy is limited. This review explores ecologically friendly strategies for PPNs management, such as breeding resistant cultivars, employing biological control agents, using biofumigation, semiochemicals, and improved soil management practices. These approaches offer sustainable, multifaceted solutions, especially in situations where chemical nematicides are ineffective or economically unfeasible. Despite their promise, the adoption of these strategies is limited by knowledge gaps and practical challenges in application. This review highlights opportunities for integrating these alternatives to mitigate PPNs impacts while promoting agricultural resilience and environmental sustainability, providing a foundation for advancing sustainable pest management practices globally.